BAYWING Systems Engineering & Regulatory Workbench | CFD, FEA, Fly-by-Wire & IMO/DNV Rules

DOMAIN 01 • SUB-MODULE 1.1 // NON-LINEAR TAKE-OFF & DRAG-HUMP CFD SWEEP

0 → 38 Knots Foil-Borne Transition & 80% Drag Decoupling Curve

Sweep vessel speed from 0 to 38 knots (Fn = 0 to 1.17) to inspect hull-borne displacement (0–11 KT), wave-drag hump transition (12–16 KT), and full foil-borne drag decoupling above 18 knots.

1. Vessel Speed (EF-150 / Scaled D1): 38.0 KT (D1: 13.4 KT | Fn 1.17)

2. Displacement Mass: 56.0 Tonnes

FOIL-BORNE FLIGHT (-80% DRAG)

FOIL LIFT FRACTION 100% Foil-Borne

KEEL RIDE HEIGHT +1.80 m Clear

LIFT-TO-DRAG (L/D) 11.5 L/D

SHAFT POWER (EV vs DIESEL) 1,086 kW vs 4,150 kW

CAVITATION MARGIN σ = 0.68 (Safe)

DYNAMIC HULL SUBMERGENCE & FOIL LIFT VISUALIZER AoA α = +2.4° | Flap δ = +0.5°

━ LEGACY DISPLACEMENT CATAMARAN POWER (kW) ━ BAYWING HYDROFOIL DRAG-HUMP CURVE (kW)

DOMAIN 01 • SUB-MODULE 1.2 // AIR-WATER INTERFACE FLUID DYNAMICS & VENTILATION BOUNDARY

Free-Surface Proximity (h/c), Strut Ventilation & Foil Section Parameter Sweep

When a submerged hydrofoil operates near the air-water interface (submergence depth-to-chord ratio $h/c < 1.0$), free-surface wave-making reduces lift slope ($C_{L\alpha}$) and risks drawing atmospheric air down the vertical strut ("ventilation stall"). Sweep $h/c$ and foil section geometry below to inspect our anti-ventilation fence placement and cavitation bucket.

1. Hydrofoil Section Profile:

2. Submergence Ratio (h / chord): h/c = 1.40 (Optimal Deep Lock)

3. Strut Anti-Ventilation Fences: 2 Boundary Fences Active

EFFECTIVE LIFT EFFICIENCY 93.4% of Infinite-Fluid C_L

MIN PRESSURE COEFF (-Cp_min) -Cp = 0.44 (Cav Limit: 0.68)

VENTILATION AIR-INGESTION RISK BLOCKED BY 2 STRUT FENCES

FREE-SURFACE WAVE DRAG C_Dw = 0.0018 (Negligible)

━ LIFT EFFICIENCY RATIO C_L(h/c) / C_L(∞) ACROSS SUBMERGENCE DEPTH ┄ CRITICAL VENTILATION / FREE-SURFACE BROACHING ZONE (h/c < 0.65)

DOMAIN 01 • SUB-MODULE 1.3 // LATERAL ROLL (φ) & BANKED-TURN HYDRODYNAMICS

100Hz Differential Aileron Roll Control & Zero-Seasickness Banking

Commanded Turn Bank: 0.0° (Straight Fairway)

Beam-Sea Wave Swell: Level 3

STERN TRANSOM CROSS-SECTION // PORT & STARBOARD FLAP VECTORS LATERAL ACCEL: 0.01g (ZERO COFFEE SPILL)

━ HULL ROLL ANGLE φ (DEG) ━ DIFFERENTIAL FLAP COMMAND (δ_Port - δ_Stbd)

DOMAIN 02 • SUB-MODULE 2.1 // CARBON-PREPREG T-FOIL CANTILEVER FEA

Carbon-Prepreg T-Foil Cantilever Bending Stress & 2.5g Wave-Slamming Analyzer

1. Select Vessel Foil Assembly:

2. Dynamic Wave Slamming Load: 1.5g (Rough Chop)

3. Spar Thickness Ratio (t/c): 14.0% (T800S Carbon)

TOTAL FOIL LIFT LOAD 824.0 kN

ROOT BENDING MOMENT 605.7 kN·m

PEAK SPAR STRESS (σ_max) 412 MPa

WINGTIP DEFLECTION 28.4 mm

DNV SAFETY FACTOR (SF) SF = 3.57 (PASS)

FRONT-VIEW T-FOIL DEFLECTION & VON MISES STRESS HEATMAP Toray T800S/M21 (σ_ult = 2,940 MPa)

━ SPANWISE BENDING STRESS σ(y) [MPa] ┄ DNV ALLOWABLE DESIGN STRESS (980 MPa)

DOMAIN 02 • SUB-MODULE 2.2 // DNV-RU-HSLC PT.3 CH.3 COMPOSITE HULL SCANTLING CALCULATOR

Composite Hull Bottom Slamming Pressure (P_slam) & Sandwich Core Shear Verifier

Calculates statutory bottom slamming design pressure ($P_{\text{slam}}$ in $\text{kPa}$) during emergency hull-borne wave impact at 38 knots and verifies that our Carbon-Epoxy / Gurit Corecell™ M130 structural sandwich panels pass DNV outer-skin tensile and core shear criteria on the first build.

1. Hull Sponson Deadrise Angle (β): 24.0° (Wave-Piercing V)

2. Structural Core Thickness (M130 SAN): 35 mm Core + 4.0 mm Carbon Skins

3. Longitudinal Stiffener Spacing (s): 500 mm Stringer Grid

DNV SLAMMING PRESSURE (P_slam) 148.5 kPa (Bottom Zone)

CARBON SKIN BENDING STRESS 94.2 MPa (Allow: 420 MPa)

CORECELL M130 SHEAR STRESS 0.74 MPa (Allow: 1.65 MPa)

PANEL AREAL WEIGHT & STATUS 17.8 kg/m² // DNV PASS

Ply Zone	Material Specification	Fiber Orientation	Thickness	DNV Safety Margin
01. Outer Wet Skin	Toray T700S Carbon / Toughened Marine Epoxy Prepreg	[0° / +45° / 90° / -45°]₂s Quadraxial	4.0 mm	SF = 4.45 (PASS)
02. Structural Core	Gurit Corecell™ M130 Closed-Cell SAN Structural Foam (140 kg/m³)	Thermoformed & Grooved Resin-Infused	35.0 mm	SF = 2.23 (PASS)
03. Inner Dry Skin	Toray T700S Carbon + Aramid Hybrid Impact Barrier	[+45° / 0° / -45°]s Triaxial	3.0 mm	SF = 3.80 (PASS)
04. T-Foil Root Box	Monolithic Autoclave Toray T800S Carbon + CNC Ti-6Al-4V Bushings	68% 0° Unidirectional Spar Caps + ±45° Webs	42.0 mm Solid	SF = 3.57 @ 2.5g

DOMAIN 02 • SUB-MODULE 2.3 // D1 & HIL HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE LEDGER

COTS Avionics, Sensor & Subsea Actuator Architecture (HK$ 320,000 Allocation)

01. Dual STM32H743VIT6 Redundant Flight ECU

480 MHz ARM Cortex-M7, hardware double-precision FPU, dual 1Mbps CAN-FD buses & hardware watchdog voter (IP67).

HK$ 18,000

02. 2× SBG Ellipse-N Dual-Antenna Marine INS/AHRS

0.05° roll/pitch accuracy, RTK-GNSS 2cm heave output, 200Hz RS422/CAN-FD telemetry.

HK$ 68,000

03. Forward Solid-State Marine LiDAR + Dual Ultrasonic Array

Bow-mounted IP68 solid-state LiDAR scanning wave orbital profiles 5–15m ahead of forward strut.

HK$ 42,000

04. 4× IP68 Titanium Subsea Brushless Rotary Servos

48V brushless titanium actuators (65 Nm peak torque, 300°/s slew rate, absolute magnetic hall encoders).

HK$ 74,000

05. 2× 1.0 kW Froude-Scaled Pod Thrusters + Swappable 48V LFP Pack

Delivers 13.4 knots (Fn = 1.17) on the 3.56m, 109 kg D1 testbed with 45-minute foil-borne runtime.

HK$ 62,000

06. Autoclave Carbon Prepreg T-Foils & Science Park HIL Load Rig

Toray T800S carbon T-foil struts + benchtop dynamometer applying simulated hydrodynamic hinge moments.

HK$ 56,000

DOMAIN 03 • SUB-MODULE 3.1 // HIGH-C-RATE MEGAWATT BATTERY THERMAL DYNAMICS

1,000V LFP Pack Joule Heating (I²R) & Liquid-Chiller Thermal Simulator

1. MCS Charging Power (1,200V): 3.50 MW (1.94C)

2. Initial Cell / Seawater Temp: 29.0°C

3. Glycol-Chiller Coolant Flow: 180 L/min

PACK CURRENT & C-RATE2,916 A (1.94C)

JOULE HEAT (Q = I²R)153.1 kW

CHILLER HEAT REJECTION138.5 kW

PEAK CELL TEMP (12m)34.8°C

EST. PACK CYCLE LIFE5,620 Cycles

DOMAIN 03 • SUB-MODULE 3.2 // HKE 22 kV CONCRETE SUBSTATION (+7.0 mPD) & BESS DISPATCH

N × 1,500 kVA Transformer Bank & 1.5 MWh BESS Turnaround Load Simulator

1. Installed HKE 1,500 kVA Transformers:

2. Vessel MCS Charging Demand: 3.50 MW DC

✓ DIRECT 22kV HKE FEED

HKE SUBSTATION AC DRAW3.50 MW (3,838 kVA)

LOAD PER 1,500 kVA UNIT1,279 / 1,500 kVA (85%)

1.5 MWh BESS ASSIST0.00 MW

12-MIN ENERGY DELIVERED700 kWh

DOMAIN 03 • SUB-MODULE 3.3 // HKE (HK ISLAND) + CLP (KOWLOON & NT) DUAL-UTILITY LOAD SYNCHRONIZER

Cross-Harbour Dual-Utility (HKE ↔ CLP) Feeder Load-Sharing & BESS Peak-Shaving Twin

1. Select CLP / Cross-Harbour Corridor:

2. CLP Pier Energy Share (%): 30% CLP / 70% HKE Hub

3. CLP Pier Steady Grid Cap (kVA): 500 kVA Cap

HKE SHEUNG WAN 22kV DRAW1,260 kW

CLP PIER STEADY GRID DRAW460 kW

CLP PIER BESS BOOST+80 kW BESS Boost

CLP FEEDER IMPACT STATUS✓ ZERO CLP FEEDER SPIKE

DOMAIN 04 • SUB-MODULE 4.1 // FAIL-OPERATIONAL 2-OUT-OF-3 (2oo3) FLY-BY-WIRE LOGIC

Triple-Modular Redundant (2oo3) Edge Compute & Actuator Voting Truth Table

Unlike consumer drones that fail-passive, passenger-carrying hydrofoils at 38 knots require Fail-Operational architecture: if one flight computer, IMU, or CAN-FD bus fails mid-flight, the vessel must continue flying on foils without a single bump while alerting the helm. Click any fault-injection state below to verify our hardware-interlocked `2oo3` majority voter.

NODE A // STM32H7 PRIMARY ONLINE (δ = +2.42° | OK)

NODE B // STM32H7 HOT-STANDBY ONLINE (δ = +2.41° | OK)

NODE C // DISSIMILAR SAFETY FPGA/MCU ONLINE (δ = +2.42° | OK)

Hardware Voter Output Mode: FAIL-OPERATIONAL 3/3 CONSENSUS (0.0 ms SWITCHOVER TRANSIENT)

Subsea Servo Bus Routing: DUAL CAN-FD ACTIVE (BUS A + BUS B CROSS-STRAPPED)

DOMAIN 04 • SUB-MODULE 4.2 // 15-STATE EXTENDED KALMAN FILTER (EKF) VOTER

15-State Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) & Hardware Fault-Injection Bench

TMR VOTER: CH1 [OK] • CH2 [OK] • CH3 [OK] // RESIDUAL < 0.02m

DOMAIN 04 • SUB-MODULE 4.3 // 100Hz RTOS DETERMINISM & HIL BENCHTOP TELEMETRY

100Hz FreeRTOS Deterministic Timing Audit (4.82 ms) & STM32H7 HIL Scope

✓ WCET: 4.82 ms / 8.00 ms LIMIT (51.8% CPU HEADROOM)

━ STM32H7 COMMANDED FLAP ANGLE (DEG) ┄ PHYSICAL IP68 SERVO HALL-ENCODER FEEDBACK (DEG) TX[0xAA 0x55] → RX[0x55 0xAA] // 4,812 µs

DOMAIN 05 • SUB-MODULE 5.1 // INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION & STATUTORY RULE MAPPER

IMO 2000 HSC Code, DNV-RU-HSLC, ABS High-Speed Craft & HKMD Cap. 548 Matrix

Pre-parsed statutory compliance matrix ensuring BAYWING's composite hull scantlings, battery room fire suppression, high-voltage shore interlocks, and fail-operational fly-by-wire avionics satisfy international classification rules right the first time.

Standard & Clause	Statutory Requirement	BAYWING Pre-Engineered Design Solution	Verification

DOMAIN 05 • SUB-MODULE 5.2 // SOLAS II-2 & DNV PT.6 CH.2 SEC.1 FIRE SUPPRESSION ARCHITECTURE

4-Layer Marine LFP Battery Room Fire Suppression, Gas Exhaust & Thermal Isolation

Designed to pass DNV "Battery(Power, Safety)" notation and HK Marine Department Passenger HSC inspections without costly post-build retrofits.

LAYER 01 // CELL-TO-CELL AEROGEL BARRIERS & LFP OLIVINE CHEMISTRY

LiFePO₄ cathode chemistry (thermal runaway onset >270°C vs 150°C for NMC) with 3.0mm Aspen Pyrogel® XT-E silica aerogel thermal barriers between every prismatic cell—preventing cell-to-cell propagation.

ZERO PROPAGATION

LAYER 02 // EARLY OFF-GAS DETECTION (VOC + H₂ + CO) & <2ms PYRO-FUSE

Dual-redundant electrolyte vapor (VOC), hydrogen (H₂), and carbon monoxide (CO) sensors detect cell venting 4–8 minutes before any thermal spike, triggering an automotive-grade 1,200V Pyro-Fuse in <2.0 ms.

<2.0 ms ISOLATION

LAYER 03 // A-60 STRUCTURAL FIRE BOUNDARY & NEGATIVE-PRESSURE OVERBOARD DUCT

Battery compartments are lined with lightweight A-60 structural fire insulation and ATEX explosion-proof extraction fans (30 air changes/hour) venting directly overboard above the main deck—zero gas path to passenger cabin.

SOLAS A-60 RATED

LAYER 04 // TOTAL-FLOODING 3M NOVEC 1230 (FK-5-1-12) + PACK-INTERNAL WATER DELUGE

Primary electrical fire suppression via non-conductive FK-5-1-12 clean agent gas, backed by a dry-pipe pack-internal seawater mist/deluge manifold for deep cell cooling.

DNV PT.6 COMPLIANT

DOMAIN 05 • SUB-MODULE 5.3 // INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY & PATENT APPLICATION GRANT (PAG) LEDGER

3 Core PCT Patent Specifications & Independent Claims (HK$ 278,000 Budget)

PCT-HK-2026-001 // IPC: B63B 1/28HK$ 95,000 (90% PAG Grant)

1. LiDAR Wave-Feedforward 100Hz Submerged Hydrofoil Control System

Independent Claim 1: A deterministic 100Hz marine flight control method combining bow-mounted solid-state LiDAR forward surface elevation scanning (5–15m lookahead) with a 15-state Extended Kalman Filter to compute vertical wave orbital velocity w_orb(x,t) and pre-deflect submerged trailing-edge T-foil flaps in <8.0ms prior to strut wave impact.

PCT-HK-2026-002 // IPC: B60L 53/60HK$ 95,000 (90% PAG Grant)

2. Multi-Transformer (N×1,500 kVA) 22 kV & BESS Buffered Marine MCS Hub

Independent Claim 1: A flood-elevated (FFL ≥ +7.0 mPD) shore-side marine megawatt charging architecture paralleling N × 1,500 kVA utility distribution transformers onto a common 1,250V DC busbar buffered by a liquid-cooled LFP BESS array, with hardware reverse-power blocking to deliver 3.5 MW+ MCS bursts with zero utility grid export.

PCT-HK-2026-003 // IPC: B63B 21/00HK$ 88,000 (90% PAG Grant)

3. Vacuum-Mooring Interlocked Overhead Pantograph & <100ms Break-Away E-Stop

Independent Claim 1: An open-standard (IEC 61851-23-3 / ISO 15118-20) automated marine berthing interface wherein high-voltage DC contactor closure is hardware-interlocked to dual 100 kN vacuum suction pad pressure sensors and a <100ms pneumatic emergency break-away decoupler.

DOMAIN 06 • SUB-MODULE 6.1 // DNV HSC & HK MARINE DEPARTMENT SAFETY CASE OUTPUT

Interactive Failure Modes, Effects & Criticality Analysis (FMEA) Matrix

FMEA CASE 01 // MECHANICAL SHEAR-PIN & HULL INTEGRITY

Submerged Floating Debris Strike at 35+ Knots

✓ DNV HSC SEVERITY: ZERO HULL BREACH (FAIL-SAFE SETTLE)

1. Sensor Detection Mechanism:200Hz IMU longitudinal deceleration spike (>0.8g) + Strut strain-gauge trip (0.8 ms)

2. Hardware / RTOS Autonomous Action:Calibrated sacrificial titanium fuse-bolts shear cleanly backwards; hull settles smoothly onto wide catamaran sponsons

3. Post-Fault Propulsion & Recovery Mode:Vessel continues to nearest pier in 10-knot displacement catamaran mode with 100% watertight hull integrity

4. Applicable Statutory Standard:DNV-RU-HSLC Pt.3 Ch.3 (Collision & Appendage Shear Loads) & HKMD Cap. 548

DOMAIN 06 • SUB-MODULE 6.2 // AUTONOMOUS MARINE NAVIGATION (AMN) & AUTO-DOCKING

RTK-LiDAR Vacuum Mooring (<2cm Precision) & COLREGs Harbour Avoidance

RTK-GNSS + LiDAR LOCK: Δy = 1.4 cm | VACUUM PADS: 2×100 kN ENGAGED

DOMAIN 06 • SUB-MODULE 6.3 // EEB GREEN TECH FUND & MARINE PARK HYDRO-ACOUSTICS

Subsea Acoustic Noise Spectrum & Chinese White Dolphin (Sousa chinensis) Protection

1. Foil-Borne Vessel Cruise Speed:35.0 Knots

2. Marine Park Hydrophone Distance:100 Meters

LEGACY DIESEL SPL (@ DIST)138.7 dB re 1µPa

BAYWING FOIL SPL (@ DIST)81.7 dB re 1µPa

ACOUSTIC REDUCTION-57.0 dB (-99.9%)

CETACEAN THRESHOLD✓ SAFE FOR DOLPHINS

DOMAIN 06 • SUB-MODULE 6.4 // LIVE 100Hz TELEMETRY STREAM & TOLO SEA-TRIAL AUDIT

Live 100Hz Flight-Control & 22 kV Grid Telemetry Output Ledger

LIVE 100Hz (10.0 ms STEP) REAL-TIME TELEMETRY BUS OUTPUT STREAMING @ 100Hz // FRAME #00842

Frame	Time (s)	Wave (m)	LiDAR V_z	EKF Z (m)	Pitch (°)	Roll (°)	Flap L/R (°)	WCET (µs)	Pack V / T

DOMAIN 01 • SUB-MODULE 1.4 // 3D VORTEX-LATTICE (VLM) & SPRAY-ROOT CFD SWEEP

Elliptical Spanwise Circulation Γ(y), Induced Drag & Strut Spray-Sheet Analyzer

Optimizes hydrofoil aspect ratio ($AR = b^2/S$), taper ratio ($\lambda$), and anhedral wingtip washout before CNC mold machining—minimizing induced drag ($C_{Di} = C_L^2 / \pi AR e$) and suppressing wingtip vortex cavitation at 38 knots.

1. Foil Aspect Ratio (AR = b²/S): AR = 8.4 (High-Efficiency Foil)

2. Wingtip Anhedral / Washout Twist: -2.5° Tip Washout (Vortex Suppressed)

3. Waterline Strut Spray Rake Angle: +12.0° Forward Piercing Rake

OSWALD SPAN EFFICIENCY (e) e = 0.91 (Elliptical Lock)

INDUCED DRAG COEFF (C_Di) C_Di = 0.0074 (31% of Total)

STRUT SPRAY-SHEET DRAG 28.4 kW (-42% vs Vertical)

TIP VORTEX CAVITATION ONSET 44.2 KT (>38 KT Cruise)

━ ACTUAL VORTEX-LATTICE SPANWISE CIRCULATION Γ(y) ACROSS HALF-SPAN (y / b/2) ┄ IDEAL PRANDTL ELLIPTICAL LIFT DISTRIBUTION

DOMAIN 02 • SUB-MODULE 2.4 // HYDROELASTIC FLUTTER & MODAL VIBRATION ANALYZER

Torsional-Bending Flutter Boundary (V_flutter), Added-Mass Modes & Strut Buckling

Slender composite hydrofoils in dense seawater can suffer catastrophic hydroelastic flutter if the elastic axis (shear center) falls too far aft of the hydrodynamic center of pressure ($x_{ac} = 0.25c$), or if vortex-shedding Strouhal frequencies ($f_s = St \cdot V / t$) lock into the 1st bending mode. Adjust fiber layup angle and shear-web position below to verify $V_{\text{flutter}} > 60\text{ KT}$.

1. Carbon Torsion Skin Layup (±θ): ±45° High-Modulus Torsion Box

2. Shear Center Location (% Chord): 28.0% Chord (Forward Box Spar)

3. Vertical Strut Immersion Length: 2.10 m (EF-150 Deep Strut)

CRITICAL FLUTTER SPEED 66.4 KT (1.75× Cruise Margin)

WET MODAL FREQUENCIES (f₁ / f₂) 14.2 Hz Bend / 41.8 Hz Twist

EULER STRUT BUCKLING FACTOR λ_crit = 5.82 (ABS/DNV PASS)

TRAILING-EDGE SINGING / LOCK-IN SUPPRESSED (45° Beveled TE)

━ 1ST BENDING MODE DAMPING RATIO ζ₁ (%) VS SPEED ━ 1ST TORSIONAL MODE DAMPING RATIO ζ₂ (%) — DIVERGENCE WHERE ζ < 0

⚓ BUILT FOR 27 OCT 2026 MACAO MARINE AND WATER BUREAU (DSMM) 400V SHORE-POWER GUIDELINE

Macao Outer Harbour & Taipa 400V Surplus-to-BESS 1,000V DC Step-Up Simulator

On 27 October 2026, the Macao Marine and Water Bureau (DSMM) confirmed that Outer Harbour and Taipa Ferry Terminals hold surplus electricity reserves for pure-electric vessels, but only at 400V low-voltage. Adjust the available 400V breaker rating and sailing interval below to verify how our dockside 2.0 MWh LFP BESS container trickle-charges continuously at 400V AC and steps up via isolated SiC DC/DC converters to deliver a 12-minute, 1,000V DC fast-charge to the `BAYWING EF-150`.

1. Macao DSMM 400V Feeder Allocation: 630 A @ 400V 3-Phase (436 kVA)

2. Ferry Arrival Headway at Macao Berth: Every 45 Mins (Continuous Trickle)

3. Macao Top-Up Energy Target (% Trip): 320 kWh (50% Split w/ HK 22kV Hub)

STEADY 400V AC TRICKLE POWER 414 kW Continuous (PF 0.95)

ENERGY RECHARGED PER INTERVAL +310 kWh Stored in BESS

12-MIN STEP-UP DC BOOST POWER 1.60 MW @ 1,000V DC

MACAO 400V BREAKER STATUS ✓ 100% SUSTAINABLE (NO TRIP)

━ MACAO 2.0 MWh BESS STATE-OF-CHARGE (%) OVER 4 CONSECUTIVE FERRY TURNAROUNDS ┄ FLAT 400V AC DSMM TERMINAL FEEDER DRAW (ZERO PEAK SPIKE)

DOMAIN 04 • SUB-MODULE 4.4 // SUBSEA SERVO HINGE-MOMENT & LINKAGE SIZING WORKBENCH

Hydrodynamic Flap Hinge-Moment (M_hinge), Mechanical Leverage & Stall-Margin Sizer

Verifies that our subsea rotary titanium actuators and internal 4-bar pushrod linkages maintain at least a $2.0\times$ torque stall margin against peak hydrodynamic hinge moments ($M_h = \frac{1}{2}\rho V^2 S_{\text{flap}} c_{\text{flap}} C_{h\delta}$) across all speeds and flap deflections.

1. Flap Deflection Angle (δ_flap): +12.0° (Take-Off / Storm Recovery)

2. Internal 4-Bar Linkage Ratio: 2.20 : 1 Mechanical Advantage

3. Subsea Servo Peak Torque Rating: 65.0 Nm (D1) / 850 Nm (EF-150)

HYDRODYNAMIC HINGE MOMENT 58.4 Nm at Flap Hinge

REQUIRED SERVO SHAFT TORQUE 26.5 Nm (After 2.2:1 Linkage)

TORQUE STALL SAFETY FACTOR 2.45× Stall Margin (PASS)

MAX SLEW RATE AT LOAD 136°/s (>100Hz Bandwidth)

━ REQUIRED SERVO SHAFT TORQUE (Nm) ACROSS VESSEL SPEED (0 → 42 KNOTS) ┄ CONTINUOUS & PEAK TITANIUM SERVO TORQUE CEILING (Nm)

DOMAIN 05 • SUB-MODULE 5.4 // PRE-PROCUREMENT MARINE TYPE-APPROVAL GATEKEEPER

Statutory Component Type-Approval & Certification Matrix (DNV / MED / IEC / HKMD)

Before purchasing any COTS or custom hardware for the D2 commercial pilot and EF-150 flagship, every subsystem is gated against its mandatory marine type-approval certificate so zero uncertifiable components ever enter the hull.

Subsystem / Component	Mandatory Certificate / Standard	Inspecting Authority	Pre-Build Gate Requirement	Procurement Status
01. Prismatic LFP Battery Modules	IEC 62619 + DNV Pt.6 Ch.2 Type Approval	DNV & HKMD	Cell-to-cell thermal propagation test report (zero fire spread)	✓ CATL/EVE Marine TAC
02. 800V–1,000V SiC Traction Inverters	IEC 60092-504 & DNV CG-0339 (EMC/Vibration)	DNV & EMSD	IP67 liquid-cooled enclosure + 50 MΩ/V HV isolation monitor	✓ Danfoss Editron Marine
03. Carbon-Epoxy Prepreg & Corecell Foam	DNV-CP-0084 &CP-0424 Material Certificate	DNV Surveyor	Batch mechanical coupon tensile/shear test per hull infusion	✓ Toray / Gurit DNV Cert
04. 100Hz Flight Control ECUs & CAN-FD	IEC 61508 (SIL-3) / DNV-RU-HSLC Pt.4 Ch.9	DNV & HKSTP HIL	1,000-hour HIL fault-injection sign-off + hardware 2oo3 voter	⚡ Stage 0 HIL Bench
05. Battery Room Fire Suppression	IMO MSC.1/Circ.1270 & MED Wheelmark	HKMD & Macao DSMM	Novec 1230 (FK-5-1-12) cylinder pressure + A-60 bulkhead cert	✓ MED Wheelmark COTS
06. Shore 22 kV / 400V-BESS MCS Interface	IEC 61851-23-3 / ISO 15118-20 / HK Cap. 406	HKE, CLP, EMSD & DSMM	Unidirectional reverse-power relay + FFL ≥ +7.0 mPD flood level	✓ HKE/CLP/DSMM Aligned

DOMAIN 06 • SUB-MODULE 6.5 // RIGOROUS OPERATIONAL RELIABILITY & LRU FLEET AVAILABILITY TWIN

99.4% Commercial Dispatch Reliability, MTBF/MTTR & Modular LRU Maintenance Simulator

Diesel fast ferries lose 25–35 days per year in drydock for top-end engine rebuilds, injector overhauls, and waterjet impeller replacements. BAYWING is engineered around aviation-style Line-Replaceable Units (LRUs) with only 6 moving mechanical parts across the entire vessel. Adjust fleet size and predictive maintenance intervals below to inspect fleet availability and annual maintenance OPEX savings.

1. Active Corridor Fleet Size: 6 Vessels + 1 Hot-Spare Pod

2. Overnight Predictive BMS/Servo Check: Automated 02:00 AM Self-Test

3. Modular Pod / Servo LRU Swap Time: 45 Mins Overnight Pier Swap

COMMERCIAL DISPATCH AVAILABILITY 99.42% (vs 91.5% Diesel)

POWERTRAIN MOVING PARTS 6 Parts (vs 1,400+ Diesel)

MAINTENANCE OPEX SAVINGS / YR HK$ 7.80M / Yr Saved

UNSCHEDULED IN-SERVICE CANCELLATIONS < 0.15% of Annual Sailings

Line-Replaceable Unit (LRU)	Design MTBF (Hours)	Mean Time To Replace (MTTR)	Drydock Required?
01. Dual STM32H7 / INS Avionics Cassette	45,000 Operating Hours	15 Mins (Quick-Release Rack)	NO (Pier-Side Swap)
02. IP68 Titanium Subsea Flap Servo Cartridge	18,000 Operating Hours	35 Mins (4-Bolt Wet Cartridge)	NO (Diver / Cradle Swap)
03. Rim/Pod Brushless Thruster Nacelle	24,000 Operating Hours	45 Mins ( Flange Disconnect)	NO (Hoist at Sheung Wan)
04. Modular LFP Battery String Rack	5,500+ Cycles (~9.5 Years)	60 Mins (Deck Hatch Crane)	NO (Afloat Deck Hatch)

DOMAIN 08 • SUB-MODULE 8.1 // CAP. 127 FORESHORE & SEABED MARINE PILING & TYPHOON WAVE LOADS

Sheung Wan Offshore Marine Deck (22.290175, 114.148746) Bored Pile & Storm-Surge Analyzer

Calculates the civil and marine structural loads for constructing our 2-story Water-Airport & 22 kV Concrete Substation over the foreshore/seabed at Sheung Wan Landing No. 1 (`22.290175° N, 114.148746° E`) under the Foreshore and Seabed (Reclamations) Ordinance (Cap. 127). Rock-socketed marine bored piles support the +3.8 mPD passenger/BESS deck and the +7.0 mPD HK Electric transformer deck with zero lateral surcharge on the existing seawall.

1. Marine Bored Pile Diameter: 1,200 mm (12 Piles in Bedrock)

2. Installed Equipment Dead/Live Load: 6×1,500 kVA + 1.5MWh BESS (1,480 t)

3. Return-Period Storm Surge Tide: +5.2 mPD (100-Yr Typhoon Mangkhut+)

AXIAL LOAD PER MARINE PILE 1,210 kN (Cap: 6,800 kN)

+7.0 mPD SUBSTATION CLEARANCE +1.80 m Dry Above Surge

SEAWALL LATERAL SURCHARGE 0.0 kPa (Independent Piles)

CEDD PORT WORKS SAFETY FACTOR SF = 5.62 (PASS > 3.0)

CAP. 127 SEAWARD BORED-PILE DECK CROSS-SECTION (GIS: 22.290175, 114.148746) ZERO LOAD ON LEGACY CEDD SEAWALL

DOMAIN 08 • SUB-MODULE 8.2 // SHEUNG WAN WATER-AIRPORT CIQ & LAST-MILE MTR LINK

Dual-Zone CIQ e-Channel Processing & 350m +7.0 mPD Skybridge Travellator Simulator

Because the prime utility site at Sai Fire Services Street (`22.290175, 114.148746`) is 350 meters west of Shun Tak Centre / Sheung Wan MTR Exit D, our terminal integrates an elevated +7.0 mPD covered airport-style moving walkway (travellator) plus an automated Chung Kong Road EV shuttle loop—delivering passengers from MTR Exit D to our biometric e-Channel CIQ gates in 3.2 minutes.

1. Installed Biometric e-Channel Gates: 8 Automated e-Channels

2. Cross-Border Departure Frequency: Every 15 Mins (4 Flights/Hr)

3. 350m Last-Mile MTR Exit D Link:

MTR EXIT D → TERMINAL GATE 3.2 Mins (Weather-Proof)

CIQ + X-RAY CLEARANCE TIME 2.4 Mins (Zero Queue)

HOURLY CIQ GATE CAPACITY 1,920 Pax/Hr (Demand: 600)

KOWLOON DOMESTIC FEEDER 3-Min Shuttle → Berth B

DOMAIN 08 • SUB-MODULE 8.3 // HKIA SKYPIER AIRSIDE APM & AIRLINE INTERMODAL FEEDER

SkyPier Airside Automated People Mover (APM) & Zero-Immigration Airline Feeder Model

Why compete with local domestic transport when BAYWING can act as a high-speed "flying boat" feeder for international airlines at HKIA? Passengers in Shenzhen (Shekou / SZX Airport), Macau, or Zhuhai check their bags to their final long-haul destination, fly across the Pearl River Estuary at 38 knots on the EF-150, dock inside SkyPier's customs-free airside zone, and ride the underground Automated People Mover (APM) train straight to HKIA Terminal 1 gates with zero Hong Kong immigration queues.

1. Select GBA Origin Port to HKIA SkyPier:

2. Airline Through-Baggage Containers: 4 Modular ULD Bag Pods (90s Swap)

3. Airline Interline Ticket Yield: HK$ 380 / Transfer Passenger

FOIL WATER TRANSIT TIME 40 Mins @ 38 Knots

SKYPIER APM → T1 GATE 3.5 Mins Underground Train

TIME SAVED VS. LAND BORDER -95 Mins Saved (Zero Customs)

ANNUAL AIRLINE FEEDER REV HK$ 66.5M / Yr Per Vessel

DOMAIN 08 • SUB-MODULE 8.4 // TSING YI OVERNIGHT MRO DEPOT & GBA SHIPYARD PRODUCTION

Tsing Yi Nightly 50t Travel-Lift Foil Inspection & Shenzhen/Zhuhai Shipyard Production Line

High-speed hydrofoils operating at 38 knots require airline-grade nightly maintenance without ever towing vessels back to mainland shipyards for routine repairs. Vessels finish their evening revenue runs at Sheung Wan and deadhead 12 minutes to our Tsing Yi / Stonecutters Industrial Marine Depot for nightly 50-ton travel-lift haul-out, ultrasonic carbon-foil NDT inspection, and 2.5-hour modular pod/battery swaps—achieving 99.4% airline-grade dispatch reliability.

1. Active HK & GBA Fleet Size: 12 Vessels in Service

2. Tsing Yi Travel-Lift Haul-Out Bays: 3 Syncrolift / Travel-Lift Bays

3. Nightly Maintenance Operation:

FLEET DISPATCH RELIABILITY 99.4% (Airline-Grade)

NIGHTLY TURNAROUND WINDOW 00:30 – 05:30 AM (Zero Downtime)

SPARE POD & FOIL RACK STOCK 3 Pods + 4 T-Foils On-Site

GBA SHIPYARD SERIAL OUTPUT 6–8 Hulls/Yr (SZ / Zhuhai)

DOMAIN 09 • SUB-MODULE 9.1 // 3.5 MW MEGA-CHARGER ROBOTIC PANTOGRAPH KINEMATICS

6-DOF Articulated MCS Charging Arm, 2.5m Tidal Compensation & Liquid-Cooled Coaxial Cable

Simulates the mechanical reach, constant-force pneumatic compliance, and liquid-cooled conductor thermal state of our overhead 3.5 MW CharIN MCS robotic arm mounted on the Sheung Wan 25m × 8m floating pontoon (`22.290175, 114.148746`). Once the 2 × 100 kN vacuum pads lock the hull in 12 seconds, the arm tracks residual ±0.35m wave heave and roll in free-float compliance mode with zero mechanical strain on the vessel's charging receptacle.

1. Victoria Harbour Astronomical Tide: +1.85 mPD (Mid-High Tide)

2. Residual Berth Wave Heave: ±0.18 m (Vacuum Damped)

3. Liquid-Cooled Cable Current: 3,000 A @ 1,200V DC (3.6 MW)

OPTICAL AUTO-MATING TIME 8.4 Seconds (Laser Guided)

CONNECTOR CONTACT FORCE 420 N Constant-Force Lock

COAXIAL CABLE JACKET TEMP 38.2°C (Glycol Cooled)

EMERGENCY BREAK-AWAY < 85 ms Zero-Arc Retract

DOMAIN 09 • SUB-MODULE 9.2 // NIGHT / FOG DEBRIS DETECTION & AUTONOMOUS HELM

LWIR Thermal + Solid-State LiDAR Floating Debris Detection & Micro-Dodge Envelope

Operating at 38 knots (19.5 m/s) at night or during Pearl River Estuary spring fog requires detecting semi-submerged floating timber, plastic drums, or fishing nets 180+ meters ahead. BAYWING fuses a mast-mounted Long-Wave Infrared (LWIR) thermal camera, bow solid-state LiDAR, and X-band marine radar to execute automated ±2.5m lateral "micro-dodge" S-maneuvers in <4.5 seconds without waking passengers.

1. Weather & Visibility Condition:

2. Floating Target Cross-Section: 0.35m Semi-Submerged Timber Log

3. Vessel Approach Speed: 38.0 Knots (19.5 m/s)

DETECTION STAND-OFF RANGE 215 Meters Ahead

TIME-TO-IMPACT WARNING 11.0 Seconds Lead Time

AUTOMATED LATERAL DODGE +3.5m S-Turn (3.8° Bank)

PASSENGER LATERAL COMFORT < 0.04g (Imperceptible)

DOMAIN 09 • SUB-MODULE 9.3 // SUBTROPICAL MARINE BIO-FOULING & GALVANIC ISOLATION

Carbon-Titanium Galvanic Isolation, ICCP & 40 kHz Ultrasonic Foil Anti-Fouling

Even 0.5 mm of barnacle or slime bio-fouling on a 38-knot hydrofoil increases profile drag by 18%. Furthermore, carbon fiber is electrochemically noble (+0.2V vs. Ag/AgCl) and will rapidly corrode aluminum or steel in warm 29°C Hong Kong seawater. BAYWING pairs Ti-6Al-4V titanium foil fittings + G10 fiberglass dielectric isolation sleeves with 40 kHz embedded piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers inside the hollow carbon struts to prevent barnacle settlement 24/7 without toxic copper bottom paint.

01. Embedded 40 kHz Ultrasonic Piezo Transducers (48 W Standby)

Micro-vibrates submerged T-foil skins whenever docked, preventing barnacle cyprid larvae and algal biofilm attachment.

0.0% Drag Penalty

02. Carbon-Epoxy ↔ Ti-6Al-4V Electrochemical Matching

Titanium and carbon share nearly identical seawater galvanic potentials (ΔV < 0.05V), plus 2.5mm G10 epoxy-glass dielectric bushings.

Zero Galvanic Pitting

03. Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP) & Shore Earth-Leakage Blocker

Maintains hull potential at -850 mV vs. Ag/AgCl and blocks stray DC shore-earth currents during 3.5 MW MCS charging.

25-Yr Strut Life

DOMAIN 09 • SUB-MODULE 9.4 // 25-YEAR TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP (TCO) & BATTERY SECOND-LIFE

25-Year Lifecycle TCO: BAYWING Electric Hydrofoil vs. Legacy Diesel / Gas-Turbine Catamaran

Over a 25-year statutory vessel hull life, a legacy high-speed diesel or gas-turbine ferry burns 4.5× its own construction cost in marine gas oil and engine overhauls. BAYWING’s carbon-composite hull lasts 25+ years while its modular 1,000V LFP battery racks are swapped every ~8.5 years at our Tsing Yi depot—and retired marine packs are repurposed directly into our onshore 1.5 MWh BESS buffers at 80% State-of-Health (SoH).

25-YR LEGACY DIESEL TCO HK$ 542.0M / Vessel

25-YR BAYWING EV TCO HK$ 184.5M / Vessel

NET 25-YR LIFECYCLE SAVING +HK$ 357.5M Saved (-66%)

SECOND-LIFE SHORE BESS CREDIT 80% SoH → Pier BESS Rack

Master Physics, Composite Scantlings, Fly-by-Wire & IMO/DNV Compliance Workbench